Yes, there are software tools available to detect the partitions and file structures that were previously written onto a drive. Even if information has been deleted, really nothing is deleted and it is still there in many cases. Only the small instructions to point to that exact specific memory location is what was deleted, but all of the memory addresses themselves have not actually been overwritten or replaced by all 0s. Unless of course you continue using it, and some new thing is later written into that same memory location, which would then actually erase the original.
Stop using this drive immediately. Set up your computer again with a new drive, preferably a solid state drive which will be far less likely to die in the future than a mechanical hard drive. A 2.5 inch solid state drive will be more durable than a 2.5 inch hard drive, but it will still be limited to a slow Sata III communication speed of like 6Gb per second. You may have a place on your motherboard to install an M.2 NVME drive instead like a 2280 nvme ssd stick. 2280 means size 22mm wide and 80mm long. Depending on your motherboard and other components, you can use a gen 3 or gen 4 drive which will be a lot faster than a 2.5 inch solid state drive or hard drive. You can always use a Gen 4 drive, and just you might not get the fastest possible speeds from it if your motherboard is meant for Gen 3, but there are no compatibility problems and it will still be very fast.
Set your computer up with a new drive. Stop using the old drive. Then you can get a 2.5 Inch Hard Drive to USB Adapter to plug your old hard drive into the computer, and use a program to scan for what file structures were written on there before and will able to possibly back most documents or files.