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DETECTION OF GRAPHENE IN COVID19 VACCINES
BY MICRO-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
*
TECHNICAL REPORT
Almeria, Spain, November 2, 2021
Prof. Dr. Pablo Campra Madrid
ASSOCIATE UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR
PhD in Chemical Sciences
Degree in Biological Sciences
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SUMMARY
We present here our research on the presence of graphene in covid vaccines. We have carried
out a random screening of graphene-like nanoparticles visible at the optical microscopy in
seven random samples of vials from four different trademarks, coupling images with their
spectral signatures of RAMAN vibration.
By this technique, called micro-RAMAN, we have been able to determine the presence of
graphene in these samples, after screening more than 110 objects selected for their graphenelike
appearance under optical microscopy. Out of them, a group of 28 objects have been
selected, due to the compatibility of both images and spectra with the presence of graphene
derivatives, based on the correspondence of these signals with those obtained from standards
and scientific literature. The identification of graphene oxide structures can be regarded as
conclusive in 8 of them, due to the high spectral correlation with the standard. In the
remaining 20 objects, images coupled with Raman signals show a very high level of
compatibility with undetermined graphene structures, however different than the standard
used here.
This research remains open and is made available to scientific community for discussion. We
make a call for independent researchers, with no conflict of interest or coaction from any
institution to make wider counter-analysis of these products to achieve a more detailed
knowledge of the composition and potential health risk of these experimental drugs, reminding
that graphene materials have a potential toxicity on human beings and its presence has not
been declared in any emergency use authorization.
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DISCLAIMER
This research has been carried out exclusively by Dr. Pablo Campra, without any type
of remuneration by any private or public entity, nor involvement or conformity with its
results and conclusions by the institution where he is affiliated.
The characterization of the related objects corresponds exclusively to the samples
analyzed. It is not possible without significant sampling to know whether these results
are generalizable to other samples of similar trademarks.
Dr. Pablo Campra is only responsible for the statements written in this electronically
signed file, and is not responsible for the opinions or conclusions that may be drawn
from its dissemination in media and social networks and not expressed in this
document, whose original version, authenticated and signed electronically, can be
consulted at the following Researchgate platform:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355684360_Deteccion_de_grafeno_en_va
cunas_COVID19_por_espectroscopia_Micro-RAMAN
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1. ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
1.1. Fundamentals of the micro-Raman technique
Due to the characteristics of the sample and to the dispersion of objects with a
graphene appearance of micrometric size in a complex matrix of indeterminate
composition, the direct application of spectroscopic methods does not allow
characterization of the nanoparticles studied here without a previous microscopic
localization or fractionation from the original sample. Therefore, microscopy coupled
to RAMAN spectroscopy (micro- RAMAN) was selected as an effective technique for an
exhaustive screening of micrometric objects visible under the optical microscope.
RAMAN infrared spectroscopy is a fast, non-destructive technique that allows the
verification of the structure of this material by identifying vibrational modes and
phonons generated after excitation with monochromatic laser, generating inelastic
dispersion that manifests itself in peaks of infrared emission that are a characteristic
signature of the reticular structure of graphene and derivatives. Coupled optical
microscopy allows the excitation laser to be focused on specific objects and points
located on objects, to reinforce the degree of confidence in identifying the nature of
the material, and to obtain complementary information on thickness, defects, thermal
conductivity and edge geometry of graphene nanocrystalline structures.
RAMAN vibrational modes of common functional groups
O-P-O 813 cm-1
C-C 800 (600-1300) cm-1
C-O-C 800-970 cm-1 Raman average
C-(NO2) 1340-1380 cm-1 strong Raman; 1530-1590 cm-1 (asymmetrical) Medium Raman
C=C vibrations in aromatic rings (e.g. graphene, graphite)
1580-1600 cm-1 : Strong Raman signal
1450, 1500 cm-1 : Medium Raman signal
-CH2- 1465 cm-1 in-plane bending H-C-H (scissoring)
C=N 1610-1680 cm-1
C=0 carbonyl 1640, 1680-1820 cm-1
C-H 3000 cm-1
O-H 3100-3650 cm-1
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1.2. Equipment used for micro-Raman spectroscopy
RAMAN LASER SPECTROMETER JASCO NRS-5100
Confocal Raman MICROSCOPE with spectrograph, includes:
-variety of magnification and working distances from x5 to x100
-up to 8 lasers ranging from UV to NIR
-SRI (spatial resolution image) to simultaneously view the sample image and the laser
point.
-DSF (Dual Spatial Filtration) that optimizes the confocal focus of the image produced
by the objective lens to reduce aberration and improve spatial resolution and reduce
the effects of matrix fluorescence.
The spectra were analyzed with SPECTRA MANAGER software, version 2. JASCO
Corporation.
Previously, the equipment was calibrated with a silicon standard at 520 cm-1.
RAMAN spectroscopy parameters applied for screening
Data array type Linear data array
Horizontal axis Raman Shift [cm-1]
Vertical axis Int.
Start 1200 cm-1
End 1800 cm-1
Data interval 1 cm-1
Data points 601
[Measurement Information]
Model Name NRS-5100
Exposure 30 sec
Accumulation 3
Center wavenumber 1470.59 cm-1
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Z position 27041.5 μm
Binning Upper 143
Binning Lower 202
Valid Channel 1 – 1024
CCD DV420_OE
Laser wavelength 532.09 nm
Monochromator Single
Grating 1800 l/mm
Wear 100 x 1000 about
Aperture d-4000 um
Notch filter 532.0 nm
Resolution 3.69 cm-1, 0.96 cm-1/pixel
Objective lens MPLFLN 100 x
BS/DMBS 30/70
1/2 plate Not fitted
Polarization Not fitted
Laser power 4.0 mW
Attenuator Open
CCD temperature -60.0 ºC
Shift-3.00 cm-1
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1.3. Micro-Raman spectroscopy of graphite and graphene
1. NANOCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE BANDS
-G-band (~1580-1600 cm-1): Indicates a permissible phonon vibration (elementary
vibration of the net) in the plane of the aromatic ring (sp2 hybridization), characteristic
of the crystalline structure of graphite and graphene. It presents a red shift (lower
frequency, in cm-1), as well as higher intensity with a higher number of layers. On the
contrary, the higher energy in doped graphene shows as a blue shift (higher frequency
in cm-1), along the 1580-1600 cm-1 range (Ferrari et al, 2007).
-2D band (~2690 cm) (or G'): Indicates stacking order. It depends on the number of
layers, it does not depend on the degree of defects, but its frequency is close to twice
that of peak D. Its position oscillates according to the type of doping. The presence of
single-layer graphene (SLG) has been associated with the presence of an isolated and
sharp 2D peak, increasing in width according to the number of layers (Ni et al., 2008).
- The ratio of I2D/IG is proportional to the number of layers of the graphite network.
- In graphite G and 2D appear are sharper and narrower than in graphene.
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2. BANDS ACTIVATED BY ANOMALIES in the graphitic structure.
These bands are generated by elastic dispersion (of the same energy) of load
conveyors and by phonon confinement (Kohn's anomaly in phonon dispersion).
In graphene oxides (GO) the disorder comes from the insertion of hydroxyl (-OH) and
epoxide (-O-) groups.
-D band (~1340 cm-1). It shows the density of defects in the crystal network due to
functionalization, doping or structural anomalies generating holes or new sp3 (C-C)
centers. The intensity of the D-band decreases with the alignment of layers in the
graphitic structure.
-D' band (~1620 cm-1). It follows a double resonance behavior due to network defects.
Sometimes it merges with the G band due to blueshift of the latter.
-D+G band (~2940 cm-1)
PARAMETERS INTRODUCING FREQUENCY VARIABILITY (cm-1), INTENSITY AND SHAPE
OF THE RAMAN BANDS
These parameters have not been studied in detail in this report but should be
considered in the future for the assignment of bands to vibrational modes.
- Degree and type of disorder (doping, breaks, etc.), that cause wider width
of the G, D, and 2D peaks by decreasing the phonon lifetime (molecular
vibration)
- The G-band does not show differences in intensity due to disorder, but the
ratio (ID/ IG) does vary with D band changes.
- Compression and stretching of the network by doping. There may be
blueshifts (>cm) in all bands (up to 15 cm−1 in G and 25 cm−1 in 2D) and band
narrowing (up to 10 cm −1)
e.g. "back gates" by doping with oxides through deposition
- By sheet bending the 2D band also increases, with no change in G, but with
blueshifts between 4-12 cm−1 can occur.
- Stacking level or number of layers
- Functionalization (introduction of functional groups) of the network
generates the appearance of new Raman peaks: 746 cm−1 (C–S stretching),
524, 1062, 1102, 1130 cm−1 (skeletal vibrations, CCCC trans and gauche),
1294 (twisting), 1440, 1461 (C–H deformation, scissoring), 2848 and 2884
cm−1 (C–H stretching).
- A the same object may show spectral variations depending on the angle of
incidence and the layers affected. The edges will show more disorder than
the inner crystalline structure (Ni et al, 2008)
- Blueshifts dependent on the substrate employed to grow graphene layers
(Chen et al, 2008)
- Variable intensity of the peaks in the same object according to the laser focus
point, due to structural variability with respect to the angle of incidence
related to the crystal network (Barros et al., 2005)
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1.4. LIST OF SAMPLES OF VIALS AND OBJECTS SCREENED BY MICRO-RAMAN (SEE ANNEXES 1
AND 2)
1.5. SAMPLE PROCESSING
1. Samples were obtained from sealed vials of COVID19 mRNA vaccines as outlined in
Annex 1. All vials were sealed at the time of processing, except MOD and JAN, which
had no aluminum seals.
2. Four different aliquots per vial of 10 μl each were extracted with 50 μl microsyringe,
deposited on optical microscopy slides, and left to dry in aseptic laminar flow
chamber at room temperature. They were then stored in a closed slide case and kept
cold until micro-Raman analysis.
3. Previous extensive visual screening of drips was carried out under optical
microscope (OLIMPUS CX43) in search for objects compatible with graphitic structures
or graphene. Magnification from X100 to x600 were used.
Object selection criteria were:
1. Location in the remains of the droplet or in the outer area of dragging by
drying
2. Two types of grafene-like appearance: two-dimensional translucent objects
or dark carbon-like opaque bodies.
4. Obtain RAMAN spectra of the selected objects
5. Processing of the spectral data
The list and keys of the objects characterized in this report are set out in Annex 2.
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(See images and spectra of the selected objects in Annex 3: RESULTS)
The micro-Raman technique applied here has proved to be very effective for the rapid
screening of a large number of microscopic objects in the detection of graphene microstructures
dispersed in complex samples. Compared to macro-Raman spectroscopy of
whole aqueous dispersions, the combination with microscopy in micro-Raman has the
advantage of allowing the association of spectral fingerprints to nanoparticles visible
under the optical microscope. This technique allowed us to focus the prospection
towards specific objects with graphene-like appearance, reinforcing their spectroscopic
characterization with coupled images. In this work, the preliminary selection of objects
has focused on two typologies, translucent sheets and opaque carbonaceous objects,
due to their visual similarity with similar shapes observable in standards after
sonication or in graphene oxide dispersions (see Annex 3 Results). The difference
between both typologies is not due to their chemical composition, both derived from
graphite, but only to the degree of exfoliation of the starting graphitic material and the
number of superimposed layers, assuming a threshold of around 10 layers as a
reference limit to consider that a material graphite (3D) (Ramos-Fernandez, 2017).
Anyhow, it was out the scope of our work to further characterize these structures.
A total of 110 objects with graphene-like appearance were selected, mostly located at
the edge of the sample droplets after dehydration, inside or outside of the dragging
area by drying at room temperature of the original aqueous phase. Our of them,
another 28 objects in total were selected for their higher degree of spectral
compatibility with graphene materials reported in the literature, considering both
spectra and images. The images and RAMAN spectra of these objects are shown in the
Annex 3 of this report. It is of interest to note that the samples do not dry completely
at room temperature, always leaving a gelatinous residue, whose limit can be
observed in some of the photographs shown. The composition of this medium is
unknown for the moment as it was not the subject of the present study, as well as that
of other typologies of micrometric size objects that could be observed recurrently in
the samples at low magnification (40-600X). The Raman spectra of some of these
objects were obtained but are not shown in this study because they did not present
visual resemblance to graphene or graphite.
A limitation in obtaining defined spectral patterns with this technique has been the
intensity of the fluorescence emitted by many selected objects. In numerous
translucent sheets with a graphene appearance, it was not possible to obtain Raman
spectra free of fluorescence noise, so the technique did not allow to obtain specific
RAMAN signals with well-defined peaks in many of them. Therefore, in these objects
the presence of graphene structures can neither be affirmed nor ruled out. Another
limitation of the micro- RAMAN technique is the low quality of the optical image of the
equipment, which often prevents the detection of high-transparency graphene-like
sheets, which can, however, be observed in optical microscopes with proper condenser
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adjustment. For these objects an effective alternative for characterization would be to
use other complementary microscopy techniques coupled with spectroscopy, such as
XPS with good optics or the obtention of electron diffraction pattern of graphene by
electronic microscopy (TEM).
Considering these selection criteria, the 28 objects found with potential graphene
identity have been distributed in 2 groups, according to the degree of correlation with
the RAMAN spectrum of reduced graphene oxide pattern used (rGO, TMSIGMA
ALDRICH). GROUP 1 included 8 objects whose spectral patterns were similar to the
spectrum of the rGO pattern, and therefore the presence of graphene oxide (nº 1-8)
can be affirmed with certainty. This spectral correspondence can be considered
unequivocal and is characterized by 2 dominant peaks in the scanned range (between
1200-1800 cm-1), peaks called G (~1584 cm-1) and D (~1344 cm-1), characteristic of
graphene oxides. This characterization by spectral correspondence between the signals
of these nanoparticles and the rGO pattern is fur t he r reinforced by the
microscopic appearance of these objects, all of them with an opaque carbonaceous
appearance similar to that of the standard objects, as can be seen in the photographs in
the Results annex. Therefore, we can affirm with a high level of confidence that the
identification of graphene material in all the analyzed samples of Group 1 IS
CONCLUSIVE, and with high probability graphene oxide structures can be assigned to
these nanoparticles. These group 1 objects presented a micrometric size in ranges of
tens of microns (shown as a blue line in photographs of some of them).
In the second group of 20 objects (GROUP 2, nº 9-28), RAMAN signals compatible with
the presence of graphene or graphitic structures have been detected, showing peaks
of RAMAN vibrations around the G band (1585-1600 cm-1), compatible with the G
peak of the nanocrystalline structure of graphene or graphite. This vibrational mode is
generated by the allowed vibration of the phonon in the plane of the aromatic ring
(sp2). Its drifting towards higher frequencies in some objects, tending towards 1600 cm-
1 (blue shift) can be assigned to a wide variety of modifications referred extensively in
the literature, such as, for example, the number of graphene layers or doping with
functional groups or heavy metals others (Ferrari et al, 2007). Visually, this group
includes the two types of appearances observed in the standards: whether opaque
micrometric objects with a carbonaceous appearance (nº 9, 11, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27 and 28) or translucent sheets with graphene-like appearance (nº 10,
12, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20).
In the spectra of this group 2, the G peak maxima are accompanied by other dominant
peaks of non-determined assignment in this work. A subgroup (2.1.) can be made
from of objects whose spectra have the two 2 dominant peaks located in band ranges
that could be assigned to the two main vibrational modes of graphene oxide, G (range
1569-1599 cm-1) and D (range 1342-1376 cm-1) (objects no. 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25 and 26). Considering both microscopic images and RAMAN signals
together, the assignation of the spectra of this group 2.1 to graphenic structures can
be done with a high level of confidence. However, although the structural
modifications of the network generating spectral signals different than the standard
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rGO used have yet to be determined.
The signals from a second subgroup (2.2) of objects of this Group 2 (nº 9, 10, 12, 13,
18, 19, 25, 27, 28) can be considered compatible with the presence of graphene
structures due to the presence of maxima in the G-band, although the use of more
detailed spectral analysis algorithms would be necessary, since no clear peaks that
could be assigned to the vibrational mode D, around 1344 cm-1 in the rGO standard,
were not clearly observed. However, the presence of peak D is not a sine qua non
condition for the assignment of graphene structures to spectra, and in consequence these
objects have been selected for this report as they are showing compatible vibrational
maxima in the vicinity of the G-band (range 1569-1600 cm-1). There is still an open
debate about the interpretation of this D-band and its variable frequency and shape
(Ferrari and Robertson, 2004). As outlined in the methodological introduction, the
intensity of the D peak, generally cited around 1355 cm-1, as well as the intensity ratio
with the G peak (ID / IG) is indicative of the degree of disorder in the graphene
network, introduced by different agents such as doping, introduction of very different
functional groups or breaks in the continuity of the network. In ordered graphitic
materials this peak D is absent. In some spectra of this subgroup 2.2., other peaks with
higher frequencies (blueshift) than the standard appear, whose assignment to
vibrational mode D is possible, although this assignment is yet to be determined by
processing with algorithms analysis which was beyond the scope of the present work.
Therefore, at present, for these spectra we can only state that the absence or drifting
(shift) of the D peak with respect to the location of the rGO pattern still requires a
structural interpretation according to the models available. According to the
literature, both the variations in the shift of the G and D peaks, as well as their variable
width and intensity, and the presence of other peaks seen in these spectra could be
due to very diverse modifications yet to be determined, including different degrees of
disorder, oxidation, doping, functionalization, and structural breaks. The study of
these modifications were beyond the scope of this report.
Complementary to the range 1200-1800 cm-1, when RAMAN spectroscopy was
extended up to 2800 cm-1 for some objects (nº 3, 8 and 11), a 2D peak of low intensity
and frequency amplitude was detected, being absent in other scanned objects (data
not shown). However, both in the rGO standard and some objects with G peak maxima,
the intensity of this peak was always been very low compared to the G and D peaks of
the spectra. This might be due to the fact that, in graphene oxides, the relative
intensity of the 2D peak (~2700 cm-1) with respect to the G and D peaks is greatly
reduced. Therefore, in this study we have dispensed generally with analyzing the 2D
peak for reasons of greater efficiency and use of limited resources required to scan as
many objects as possible within a limited amount of time. In future work, it would be
of interest to examine it for all objects, thus estimating the ratio of I2D/2G intensities in
those objects where it minimally manifests in this vibrational mode, which would allow
for estimates to be made about the number of layers of the structure.
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The objects shown in this study represent a minority portion of the total micrometric
objects visible at low magnification in light-field optical microscopy (100X). These
objects were scanned and are not shown in this study because their spectra where not
compatible with graphene structures as they lack a band that could be assigned to G
vibrational mode peak. It is of great interest to note that many of these objects show
RAMAN maxima in the 1439-1457 cm-1 band. Likewise, among the objects in group 2.2,
also a prominent peak is frequently found in this band, around 1450 cm-1, in
combination with peaks G and D (nº 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26 and
28). The assignment of this band around 1450 cm-1 is still pending, since it does not
correspond to specific peaks in graphene, but we consider it to be of great importance
for the knowledge of the composition of the samples due to the frequent appearance
of this vibrational mode. As a working hypothesis, this band is usually assigned to
organic methylene groups -CH2- by bending the pair of hydrogens- (scissoring).
However, it has also been referred to as a band of moderate intensity associated with
aromatic rings, and if so, it could also be associated with graphene (Ferrari and
Robertson, 2004). As stated, another possible assignment of this band would be that
of a superimposed vibrational mode of some compound other than graphene, more
likely, or even of the hydrogel medium remaining after drying, as in all samples there
is always a viscous residue remaining after drying at room temperature. This residue
could in many cases be manifesting RAMAN vibrations overlapping with the objects that
remain embedded in it, but not in those that appear outside the gel at the limits of the
drying drag zone. In this sense, it is possible that this vibrational mode of the medium
appears overlapped with the G and D peaks of graphene in the spectra of subgroup
2.1. It is beyond the scope of this work to characterize this medium, as well as all the
components of the sample. However, there are some substances capable of forming
this hydrogel matrix whose RAMAN signals show prominent vibrational modes around
this band, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), methylacrylamide, or the polymer PQT-12
(Mik Andersen, https://corona2inspect.blogspot.com/ pers. com). It is also a fact that
some of these substances have been combined with graphene in experimental
biomedicine designs that can be found in the scientific literature, for example artificial
synapses for PQT-12 (Chen and Huang, 2020), gelatins for neuronal regeneration
combining methylacrylamide with graphene (Zhu et al, 2016) or PVA/GO electrospun
fibers (Tan et al, 2016). Now, all these hypotheses about the assignment of this peak
in the vicinity of 1450 cm-1 remain open.
In conclusion, out of a total of 110 scanned objects, unambiguous signals for the
presence of graphene oxide have been found in 8 objects, and signals compatible
with the presence of graphitic or graphene structures in another 20 objects. The rest
of the objects scanned here, out of 110 nanoparticles with graphene-like appearance
have not shown signals compatible with graphene, with spectra at times dominated by
excess noise caused by excessive fluorescence intensity, so we cannot neither assign
nor rule out the presence of graphene structures in them.
As a continuation of this line of work, and although our micro-RAMAN analysis has
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shown conclusive signs of the presence of objects with graphene structure, to
consolidate the certainty of identification and to deepen the structural
characterization, it would be convenient to carry out complementary analyses using
coupled microscopy and spectroscopy techniques such as XPS spectroscopy, or TEM
electron diffraction.
For the present investigation, most of the samples have been obtained from sealed
vials. Also, during the extraction of the samples and their transfer to slides for Raman
microscopy, we worked under aseptic conditions under laminar flow chamber.
However, the possibility of sample contamination processes during manufacturing,
distribution, and processing, as well as the general applicability of these findings to
comparable samples, need to be assessed by routine and more extensive monitoring
of similar batches of these products.
Although the results of this sampling are conclusive with regard to the presence of
graphenic structures in some samples analyzed, this research is considered open for
continuation and is made available to the scientific community for replication and
optimization, considering it necessary to continue with a more detailed and exhaustive
spectral study, based on a statistically significant sampling of similar vials, and the
application of complementary techniques to confirm, refute, qualify or generalize the
conclusions of this report. The samples analyzed are duly guarded and available for
future scientific collaboration.
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CONCLUSIONS
A random sampling of COVID19 vaccine vials has been performed using a coupled
micro-RAMAN technique to characterize graphene-like microscopic objects using
spectroscopic fingerprints characteristic of the molecular structure.
The micro-RAMAN technique allows to reinforce the level of confidence in the
identification of the material by coupling imaging and spectral analysis as observational
evidence to be considered together.
Objects have been detected whose RAMAN signals by similarity with the standard
unequivocally correspond to GRAPHENE OXIDE.
Another group of objects present variable spectral signals compatible with graphene
derivatives, due to the presence of a majority of specific RAMAN signals (G-band) that
can be assigned to the aromatic structure of this material, in conjunction with its
visible appearance.
This research remains open for continuation, contrasting and replication. Further
analyses based on significant sampling, using the described technique or others which
are complementary would allow us to assess with adequate statistical significance the
level of presence of graphene materials in these drugs, as well as their detailed chemical
and structural characterization.
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ANNEX 1
COVID19 mRNA vaccines subject to micro-RAMAN analysis
19
PFIZER 1 (RD1). Batch EY3014. Sealed
PFIZER 2 (WBR). Batch FD8271. Sealed
PFIZER 3 (ROS). Batch F69428. Sealed
PFIZER 4 (ARM). Batch FE4721. Sealed
ASTRAZENECA (AZ MIT). Batch ABW0411. Sealed
MODERN (MOD). Batch 3002183. Not sealed
JANSSEN (JAN). Batch number Not available. Not
sealed
GRAPHENE STANDARD SAMPLES
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (TMSigma Aldrich. Ref 805424)
GRAPHENE OXIDE Suspension (TMThe Graphene Box)
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ANNEX 2
CHARACTERIZED OBJECTS COMPATIBLE WITH GRAPHENE STRUCTURES
20
GROUP 1
1 PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO2
2 PFIZER 3 Ros 2hy GO1
3 PFIZER 3 Ros 2hy GO1b
4 PFIZER 3 Ros 2hy b GO2
5 AZ MIT UP CARB1
6 AZ MIT UP CARB4
7 AZ MIT DOWN CARB2
8 MOD lump1
GROUP 2
9 PFIZER 2 WBR GO1
10 PFIZER 2 WBR GO6a
11 PFIZER 2 WBR 2 GO7
12 PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO1
13 PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO3b
14 PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO4
15 PFIZER 2 WBR DOWN GO2
16 PFIZER 2 WBR DOWN GO3
17 PFIZER 2 WBR DOWN GO5
18 PFIZER 3 ROS OBJ 1
19 PFIZER 3 ROS 2 OBJ 1
20 PFIZER 3 ROS 2 OBJ 2
21 PFIZER 4 Pdown lump1
22 PFIZER 4 Pdown lump2
23 PFIZER 4 Pdown lump3
24 ASTRAZENECA AZ MIT UP CARB5
25 ASTRAZENECA AZ MIT UP CARB6
26 JANSSEN JAN GO1
27 JANSSEN JAN GO3
28 JANSSEN JAN GO4
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ANNEX 3. RESULTS
21
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1
Detection of graphene in COVID19 vaccines
using micro-RAMAN spectroscopy
TECHNICAL REPORT
ANNEX 3. RESULTS
Almería, Spain November 2, 2021
Prof. Dr. Pablo Campra Madrid
ASSOCIATE UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR
PhD in Chemical Sciences
Degree in Biological Sciences
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2
VIALS ANALYZED by micro-RAMAN
COVID19 mRNA VACCINES
PFIZER 1 (RD1). Batch # EY3014. Sealed
PFIZER 2 (WBR). Batch # FD8271. sealed
PFIZER 3 (ROS). Batch # F69428. Sealed
PFIZER 4 (ARM). Batch # FE4721. Sealed
ASTRAZENECA (AZ MIT). Batch # ABW0411. Sealed
MODERNA (MOD). Batch # 3002183. Not sealed
JANSSEN (JAN). Batch # Not available. Not sealed.
GRAPHENE PATTERN SAMPLES
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (TMSigma Aldrich. Ref 805424)
GRAPHENE OXIDE Suspension (TMThe Graphene Box)
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3
small with respect to G and D.
RAMAN spectrum of the reduced GRAPHENE OXIDE
reference pattern (SIGMA ALDRICHTM)
− For the rGO STANDARD the equipment shows
the presence of 3 characteristic peaks:
− G-band at 1584 cm-1
− D-Band at 1344 cm-1
− 2D-band at 2691 cm-1
− In graphene oxide, the intensity of 2D is normally
− Degree of disorder: ID/IG = 346/309 = 1.12
− Stacking level: I2D/IG = 219/309 = 0.70
− Previously, the equipment was calibrated with a
silicon standard at 520 cm-1 ID/IG=1.12
D
G
2D
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1.1. GROUP 1
OBJECTS WITH RAMAN SIGNAL SIMILAR
TO THE REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE
STANDARD
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ANALYZED OBJECTS
GROUP 1
1. PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO2
2. PFIZER 3 ROS 2hy GO1b
3. PFIZER 3 ROS 2hy b GO2
4. PFIZER 3 ROS2 HY GO1
5. AZ MIT UP CARB 1
6. AZ MIT UP CARB4
7. AZ MIT DOWN CARB2
8. MOD lump1
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1. PFIZER 2
WBR UP GO2
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1. PFIZER 2
WBR UP GO2
ID/IG = 1.18
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2. PFIZER 3
ROS 2 HY GO1
8
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2. PFIZER 3
ROS 2 HY GO1
9
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2. PFIZER 3
ROS 2 HY GO1
ID/IG = 1.22
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3. PFIZER 3
Ros 2hy GO1b
11
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3. PFIZER 3
Ros 2hy GO1b
12
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13
3. PFIZER 3 Ros
2hy GO1b
ID/IG = 1.22
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14
4. PFIZER 3
Ros 2hy b GO2
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15
4. PFIZER 3
Ros 2hy b GO2
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16
4. PFIZER 3
Ros 2hy b GO2
ID/I G = 1.03
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17
5. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB1
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18
5. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB1
ID/IG = 1.07
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19
6. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB4
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20
6. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB4
ID/IG = 1.14
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21
7. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT DOWN 2 CARB2
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22
7. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT DOWN 2 CARB2
ID/IG = 1.18
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23
8. MODERNA
MOD lump1
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24
8. MODERNA
MOD lump1
ID/IG = 1.11
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1.2. GROUP 2:
OBJECTS WITH SIGNALS COMPATIBLE
WITH GRAPHITE OR GRAPHENE
DERIVATIVES
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26
ANALYZED OBJECTS
GROUP 2
9 PFIZER 2 WBR GO1
10 PFIZER 2 WBR GO6a
11 PFIZER 2 WBR 2 GO7
12 PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO1
13 PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO3b
14 PFIZER 2 WBR UP GO4
15 PFIZER 2 WBR DOWN GO2
16 PFIZER 2 WBR DOWN GO3
17 PFIZER 2 WBR DOWN GO5
18 PFIZER 3 ROS OBJ 1
19 PFIZER 3 ROS 2 OBJ 1
20 PFIZER 3 ROS 2 OBJ 2
21 PFIZER 4 Pdown lump1
22 PFIZER 4 Pdown lump2
23 PFIZER 4 Pdown lump3
24 ASTRAZENECA AZ MIT UP CARB5
25 ASTRAZENECA AZ MIT UP CARB6
26 JANSSEN JAN GO1
27 JANSSEN JAN GO3
28 JANSSEN JAN GO4
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27
WB
1600 cm-1
9. PFIZER 2
WBR GO1
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28. PFIZER 2
28
WBR
WBR GO6a
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11. PFIZER 2
29
WBR2 GO7
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11. PFIZER 2
30
WBR GO 7
ID/IG = 0.48
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31
G
D
11. PFIZER 2
WBRGO7(1200-2800cm-1)
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32
12. PFIZER 2
WBR UP GO1
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33
13. PFIZER
WBR UP GO3b
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34
WBR
14. PFIZER 2
WBR UP GO4
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35
15. PFIZER 2
WBR DOWN GO2
Photo N/A
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36
WBR
16. FIZER 2
WBR DOWN GO3
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37
17. PFIZER 2
WBR DOWN GO5
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38
18. PFIZER 3
Ros OBJ 1
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39
19. PFIZER 3
ROS 2 OBJ 1
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40
20. PFIZER 3
ROS 2 OBJ2
40
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41
21. PFIZER 4: Pdown lump1
41
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42
21. PFIZER 4:
Pdown lump1
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43
43
22. PFIZER 4
Pdown lump2
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44
22. PFIZER 4
Pdown lump2
ID/IG = 0.58
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45
45
23. PFIZER 4
Pdown lump3
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46
23. PFIZER 4
Pdown lump3
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47
47
24. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB5
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48
24. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB5
ID/IG = 0.59
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49
25. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB6
49
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50
25. ASTRAZENECA
AZ MIT UP CARB6
50
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51
26. JANSSEN
JAN GO1
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52
27. JANSSEN
JAN GO3
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53
28. JANSSEN
JAN GO4
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![NakedPluto [JG]](/data/avatars/m/21/21004.jpg?1712372085){kind=avatar}
